Serbian quick-firing field artillery
The
first attempt to equip the Serbian Artillery with quick-firing guns was done
in summer of 1899, when a commander of the Active Army, ex-king Milan Obrenovich,
planned the purchase of 23 batteries with 6 guns each. Since he had been
always in close relations with In
1900, young king Aleksandar expelled his father, so all new military projects
came to stand still. In 1903 In August 1903 the Serbian Army formed a committee to review what
kind of quick-firing artillery was available on the market, with
consideration on technical and tactical issues. It was composed by col.
Damjan Vlajich (chief), col. Mikhailo Rashich and lt.col. Nedeljko
Vuchkovich. During September-October 1903 they visited the following artillery factories: -
Saint Chamond and Schneider, in France; -
Vickers and Armstrong, in Great Britain; -
Krupp and Erhardt, in Germany; -
Cockerill-Nordenfelt, in Belgium; -
Skoda, in Austria. This small committee suggested that, before the adoption of
particular model, comparision tests should be made and listed which factories
should be considered: -
for field guns: St. Chamond, Schneider,
Vickers, Krupp, Erhardt, Skoda. -
for mountain guns: Vickers, Krupp, Erhardt,
Skoda. It is interesting to remark that for mountain artillery the
committee found nothing worth considering in France. This happened at the end
of 1903, the same time as Bulgarian quest for a suitable type of mountain
gun. More than one year ago, on 8th February 1905, four factories were
invited to place offers for their guns: St. Chamond, Schneider, Krupp and
Skoda. Three days later they were also asked to send one field gun to
Belgrade for tests. Only Skoda gun arrived to Belgrade by March, since the
Austrians made bureaucratic problems for other contestants, so decision could
be made only on political grounds. Vickers was dropped because ties with
Great Britain were broken, after the murder of king Aleksandar, and English
banks were not interested. Erhard was also avoided, probably because
Handelsgesellschaft, the German bank involved in loan deal had interest in
Krupp only. In
1905 at Kragujevac 75mm Skoda M. 1903 field gun was tested from a Serbian
military commission of 16 officers along with Krupp, Schneider and St.
Chamond models of the same calibre. But after the fall of Two
main reasons led to the Serbian choice: political one – to gain independence
from Since
During 1904 Serbian Army demands rose rapidly – from 10 millions
for 15 field and 6 mountain batteries at the start (planned mainly for
introduction of cadre troops to modern guns) to 43 millions at the start of
1905 (more guns, 47 field and 9 mountain batteries, more artillery
ammunition, 100.000 more modern 7mm rifles). The main reason for this
increase was the current Bulgarian and Turkish weapons orders. Influenced
by Bulgarian choice, at first Serbs asked for P.R.1 model; however, they also
asked what Schneider could offer as alternative. At the end, they considered
P.D.1 (most expensive), P.D.2 (golden middle) and P.R.1 (cheapest)
alternatives. In On For accepting Schneider offer voted the Ministry of War, gen.
Radomir Putnik and 8 members of committee, 3 voted for St. Chamond guns and
one voted neutral. This vote was made after
the review of offers. Since loan offered to Serbia in March 1905 implied
purchase of French artillery, Krupp’s offer was probably not taken into
consideration. The loan was offered from consortium made of French
(40%), German (30%) and Austrian (30%) banks, so each country expected
Serbian orders at the same level (for military and railway material).
However, Germans made demand that Serbia have to order artillery ammunition
from Krupp, but faced with Serbian stiff resistance, they changed their mind
to other small ultimatum: 5 millions of artillery deal (about 25%) must go to
Krupp (who will share that part with Skoda, according to later agreement).
Serbia accepted the clause and planned to buy artillery wagons from
Krupp/Skoda. However, the government which made arrangements (Radical party,
President Minister Nikola Pašić) had fallen at the end of May, so
nothing came of this deal. It seams that mountain gun issue was treated as secondary one
(only 9 batteries, compared to 47 field ones) and no tests were asked for
them. However, requests placed to French companies indirectly suggest that
they introduced suitable mountain gun types during 1904. All
the time problem was how to avoid Austrian pressure to buy Skoda field guns,
because this means less independent The
Schneider-Cresuot 70mm mountain gun M. 07 was not a weapon of choice of
Serbian military circles, who preferred the Krupp 75mm mountain gun, which at
first vote was indeed the winner of the Military artillery council selection,
even if it was slightly expensive than Schneider gun. For political and
economical reasons the Serbian Government decided to purchase only 9
batteries from Schneider and later 15 more batteries from Krupp. This was not
realised, however, because French put diplomatic pressure on Serbian
government to cancel this order. Later 75mm Schneider mountain guns became
available, and After
the Balkan Wars the Serbian Army tested also a 8cm Rheinmetall mountain gun,
and according with Franz KOSAR, Gebirgsartillerie…,
p. 71-72 bought some of these guns as 8cm mountain guns L/17 M. 14. But about
this powerful, but too heavy, gun I was not able to find any reference in any
other sources. The
first guns arrived only in 1908-09 and were destined for the five “First
call” infantry divisions, the core of Serbian army, for the Cavalry division
and for one mountain artillery regiment. In
1910- -
19 batteries of M.1907A field guns, -
6 batteries of 120mm M.1910 light howitzers, -
2 batteries of 150mm M.1910 medium howitzers. These
guns were destined for five “Second Call” divisions, and the Cavalry division
(“First call”). This was the armament of Serbian artillery at the beginning
of the Balkan War, considered as “minimal requirement” at that time (64 field
gun batteries in total). An
additional loan, granted from -
21 batteries of M.1907A field guns, -
2 more 120mm howitzer batteries, These
guns were planned to strengthen the “Second call” divisions with a second
group of 12 guns. The rest (6 batteries) were planed for independent use in
various “task forces” (Serbian: “Odred”, sized regiment to brigade, or
“Vojska”, division to corps strength). The crew planned for all these
batteries were “Second call” men taken from the obsolete De Bange field
batteries. In
1912, when First Balkan War broke out, some 75mm M. 07A field guns were in
Salonika, awaiting transportation to The
exact number of the guns used actually by the Serbian Army is still not
clear. At the beginning of the World War the Serbian Army had only 272
Schneider-Canet 75mm field guns, namely 68 batteries. Since in 1912 Unlike the Bulgarians, the Serbs did not use the great number of
Turkish guns captured during the Balkan War. It seems
that only one group (12 guns) of Krupp guns were ever raised for service
during the World War I. These batteries were used separately on “quiet”
sectors on front, due to the lack of ammunition. Another group of captured
Krupp guns was donated to Montenegrin Army, desperately short of modern
artillery. As for the Austrian guns, Serbian sources states that batteries of
captured Austrian guns existed, but their number should be low. According
with a report written by gen. Paul Pau, the head of the French military
mission dispatched in |